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Property Disputes — Unmarried Couples

TOLATA Solicitors — Property Disputes Between Unmarried Couples

When an unmarried relationship ends and there is a dispute about who owns what, the Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996 (TOLATA) provides the legal framework for resolving it.

PDA Law handles TOLATA claims for clients across Chester CH1/CH2, Ellesmere Port CH65, Wrexham LL11–LL14, Mold CH7, Northwich CW9 and Crewe CW1/CW2.

What We Can Help With

  • Establishing a beneficial interest in property
  • Orders for sale where co-owner refuses
  • Declarations of trust — determining shares
  • Occupation orders and occupation rent
  • Mortgage and contribution disputes
  • Proprietary estoppel claims
  • Mediation and negotiated settlements

About TOLATA

What is a TOLATA Claim?

The Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996 (TOLATA) is the primary legislation governing disputes about the ownership and occupation of land and property in England and Wales. It is most commonly used by unmarried couples — and sometimes friends or family members — who have a dispute about who owns a property or what share each party is entitled to.

Unlike married couples going through divorce, unmarried couples cannot rely on the family court's broad discretion to divide assets fairly. Instead, the court applies property and trust law principles — looking at the parties' common intention, financial contributions, and any detrimental reliance. This makes specialist legal advice essential.

TOLATA claims can arise in many situations: where one partner contributed to the purchase price or mortgage but is not on the title deeds; where the parties disagree about their respective shares; where one party wants to sell and the other refuses; or where there is a dispute about who can occupy the property.

Our dispute resolution team has extensive experience in TOLATA claims and related property trust disputes. We provide clear, practical advice on the strength of your claim and the most cost-effective route to resolution.

Key Facts

  • Applies to unmarried couples and co-owners
  • Court can declare beneficial interests
  • Court can order sale of property
  • Contributions and intentions are key
  • Mediation often resolves disputes faster
  • Time limits apply — act promptly

Initial Advice

From £300 + VAT — fixed fee for initial assessment and written advice on merits.

Types of Claim

What TOLATA Claims Cover

TOLATA provides a range of remedies for co-ownership disputes. The right approach depends on your specific circumstances.

Beneficial Interest Claims

Establishing that you have a share in a property even if it is not in your name — through constructive trust, resulting trust or proprietary estoppel.

Order for Sale

Applying to the court for an order that the property be sold and proceeds divided, where the co-owner refuses to sell or agree terms.

Declaration of Trust

Establishing the respective shares of co-owners where there is a dispute about what proportion each party is entitled to.

Occupation Orders

Regulating who can occupy the property while the dispute is resolved, including excluding a co-owner from the property.

Accounting for Occupation Rent

Where one party has had exclusive use of the property, the other may be entitled to an occupation rent — we advise on the calculation and recovery.

Mortgage & Contribution Disputes

Disputes about who paid what — mortgage contributions, deposit payments, renovation costs — and how those contributions affect each party's share.

How It Works

The TOLATA Claims Process

1

Initial Assessment

We review the property ownership, financial contributions and any relevant communications to assess the strength of your claim and advise on realistic outcomes.

2

Letter Before Action

We write to the other party setting out your claim and inviting them to negotiate a resolution without court proceedings.

3

Negotiation & Mediation

Many TOLATA disputes resolve through negotiation or mediation, avoiding the cost and delay of court proceedings. We explore this at every stage.

4

Court Application

If negotiation fails, we issue proceedings in the County Court or High Court, depending on the value and complexity of the claim.

5

Trial

If the matter cannot be settled, the court will hear evidence and determine the beneficial interests and any orders for sale or occupation.

Unmarried Couples

TOLATA & Cohabitation Disputes

If your dispute arises from the breakdown of an unmarried relationship, our family law team also handles TOLATA claims alongside cohabitation agreements and cohabitation rights advice.

TOLATA Claims — Family Law

All Property Disputes

Dispute Resolution Hub

TOLATA is one of many property dispute services we offer. Our dispute resolution team also handles boundary disputes, landlord and tenant disputes, and professional negligence claims.

All Dispute Resolution Services

Frequently Asked Questions

Common Questions About TOLATA Claims

What is a TOLATA claim?
TOLATA stands for the Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996. It is the main legal mechanism for resolving property disputes between co-owners — most commonly unmarried couples. A TOLATA claim can establish whether you have a beneficial interest in a property and what share you are entitled to, and can result in an order for sale or a declaration of the parties' respective shares.
Can I make a TOLATA claim if the property is in my partner's sole name?
Yes, potentially. Even if the property is in your partner's sole name, you may be able to establish a beneficial interest if you contributed to the purchase price, mortgage payments, or made significant improvements to the property. The court will look at the parties' common intention and any detrimental reliance. We can advise on the strength of your claim based on the specific facts.
What is the difference between a TOLATA claim and a family law financial settlement?
TOLATA claims apply to unmarried couples and are governed by property and trust law — the court looks at contributions and intentions, not needs or fairness in the way a family court would. Married couples going through divorce have access to the broader financial remedy jurisdiction, which gives the court much wider discretion. If you are unmarried, TOLATA is the primary route for resolving property disputes.
How long does a TOLATA claim take?
Many TOLATA disputes resolve through negotiation within 3–6 months. If court proceedings are necessary, the process typically takes 12–18 months from issue to trial, depending on the complexity of the case and court availability. We always explore whether early settlement is achievable.
How much does a TOLATA claim cost?
Costs depend on the complexity of the claim and whether it settles or proceeds to trial. We provide a clear cost estimate at the outset and update you as the matter progresses. We can discuss funding options including conditional fee arrangements in appropriate cases.
Do you handle TOLATA claims in Chester, Wrexham and Ellesmere Port?
Yes. PDA Law handles TOLATA claims for clients across Chester CH1/CH2, Ellesmere Port CH65, Wrexham LL11–LL14, Mold CH7, Northwich CW9, Crewe CW1/CW2 and throughout Cheshire and North Wales.
What evidence do I need for a TOLATA claim?
Key evidence includes bank statements showing mortgage or purchase contributions, receipts for property improvements, correspondence discussing ownership intentions, and any written agreements or declarations of trust. We can advise on what evidence is most relevant to your specific claim.
Can I get an order for sale if my co-owner refuses to sell?
Yes. Under TOLATA 1996, the court has power to order the sale of a property even where one co-owner objects. The court will consider all the circumstances, including the purpose for which the property was held and the interests of any children. We can advise on the prospects of obtaining an order for sale in your case.

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Need advice on a TOLATA claim?

Speak to a dispute resolution solicitor today. We provide clear, practical advice on property disputes between unmarried couples — costs explained before any work begins.

No obligation — talk through your options first.

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